Thanks for installing the Aurora Forecast 3D. Hopefully, you will enjoy it and make use of it as a tool to track down the aurora. It renders the Earth in 3D with rotation and scaling at your fingertips. You can make your own Station anywhere on the planet. The Sun illuminates the globe as it updates in near real-time (1s). The short-term forecasts are up to +6 hours, while long term forecast are up to 3 days ahead in time. They are updated when the app is active and connected to internet.

The Sky module shows a fish-eye view of the sky including the auroral ovals, satellites, planets and stars as seen from any ground point location.

Below is a description on how to use the app.

The above screen shot is marked with text labels. The circular green/red transparent belt is the aurora oval produced by solar wind electrons. The red colored part of the oval represents the dayside Cusp aurora. Two colored polygons mark the positions of your Station (red) and the Ground-track point (orange). The optical horizon for 110 km of altitude is visualized as a transparent disk centered at the track point.

City lights are included based on data from the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.^[1] In addition, an aurora compass is shown in the top left corner and 6 x speed buttons are grouped to the right. The auroral activity is presented using a speedometer layout.

Three semi-empirical aurora oval models are used in the app. The first model ^[2] is named Starkov (1994) and is based on ground-based all-sky camera data obtain from Soviet Union ice drift stations during the International Geophysical Year back in 1958. The second model ^[3], Søraas (2020), is based on particle precipitation data from polar orbiting POES satellites. This model also includes the proton ovals colored in transparent blue. Zhang and Paxton (2008) is the third model ^[4]. It is derived from ultraviolet images of the ovals observed by the TIMED spacecraft. The latter is visualized ^[5] using a green to red colored intensity overlay.

The Aurora Compass shows where the auroral oval is located as you look up at the sky from the center Ground-track point.

This point is marked with an orange circular polygon on the Globe. The latitude and longitude are shown at the top of the screen. You can rotate the Globe to move to any desired position.

The oval all-sky cover is shown in percentage in the center of the compass. The orange star marks the position of the Sun in the compass. The Moon symbol is explained below according to phase and age. These will only appear if they are within the field of view as seen from the Ground-track point.

The above symbols represent the Moon as observed from the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere these moon symbols are swapped horizontally (mirrored).

The speedometer is used to visualize the auroral activity based on the Kp index (0 - 9).

The index is a measure on how disturbed the planetary geomagnetic field is. It is directly related to auroral activity. The short term predicted Kp values (0, +3 or +6 hours) are estimated by the Space Weather Prediction Centre (NOAA-SWPC) using satellites that monitor the Sun.

Hint: You can set your own Kp index by tapping the color scale on the wheel.

The positions ^[6] and apparent size of the inner planets are scaled in 3D according to the size of the Earth, but the distance is for artistic reasons not correct. It is in reality much further away. The apparent distance of the Sun is scaled down 500 times. The outer planets are scaled down and located at infinity close to the stars. Textures of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon are downloaded from the internet. ^[7,8]

The stars and constellations in the 3D viewport are from the Tycho catalog sky map by NASA ^[9] version 2.0. The map is projected using a cylindrical-equidistant transform that is wrapped to an outer celestial sphere.

The red cross in the star map marks the position of Zero Right Ascension (RA) and Declination (DEC).

It is known as the First Point of Aries and is the location of the vernal equinox

You may view satellites as they fly-by both in the 3D viewport and in the Sky module. The positions of the satellites are calculated by code ^[10] based on Two-Line Element (TLE) sets provided by the Center for Space Standards and Innovation (CSSi). Each set groups the satellites according to mission objectives like communication, navigation or pure scientific purpose etc. The TLE sets are updated automatically. You may force an updated TLE by using the "Refresh" button in the "Advanced" menu.

Default satellite is the International Space Station (ISS). Hit the "Track" button to locate the current position and orbit.

The Sky module is activated by tapping the Aurora Compass in the 3D viewport. The Bright Star Catalogue edition 5 (BSC5) ^[11] is used to plot stars. A yellow circle identifies the selected object to track in azimuth (AZ) and elevation (EL). The constellation signs are adopted from the International Astronomical Union (IAU).^[12]

Note that the aurora is only visible to the human eye when the sun elevation is more than 10 degrees below the horizon. Hold and press the "View button" to highlight the aurora in case of sunlit conditions.

The stars and planets are color coded. The above shows the Hertzsprung - Russel diagram used. Stars are plotted as a function of the B-V color index and the apparent magnitude (m). It visualizes the relationship between a star's luminosity as seen from Earth and its stellar classification or blackbody temperature (T).

The compass rose shows the azimuth angle orientation of the Sky on your device. You may use it to navigate.

First, identify a known object in the sky. Secondly, mark it in the Sky viewport and level the computer screen horizontally. Then rotate the Sky to align the yellow arrow towards the objects viewing direction. The compass should as a result show True North.

The accuracy mainly depends on correct time on your device and pointing direction. Your current location should also be updated as frequent as possible using known wave points.

A powerful laser is fired up from the center of the Earth to any planet or star constellation.

Laser targets are selected by tapping on objects of interest in the 3D viewport. All planets in the solar system and a total of 765 bright Stars and 89 constellation signs (asterisms) may be located and identified by the laser.

Target information about star constellations, planets, satellites and location are launched as a shared activity in your default web browser.

Star constellation and planetary information is obtained from Wikipedia. N2YO.com provides links to detailed satellite information. Ground targets are identified by the use of the Nominatim search engine from the Open Street Map organization. Note that it is only activated for the onclick handler of the Ground-track point in the 3D viewport at max Zoom IN (+). A blue pin marks the selected target.

The camera icon will be visible in the Sky module if you are located less than 20 km from an auroral observatory with an operational all-sky camera.

The icon hyperlinks to the latest camera quick looks available. The Boreal Aurora Camera Constellation (BACC) ^[13] serves you data from several sites. The current observatories are listed below.

Longyearbyen

78.15

16.04

KHO

Ny-Ålesund

78.92

11.91

UiO

Kevo

69.76

27.01

FMI

Muonio

67.96

23.68

FMI

Skibotn

69.35

20.36

TGO

KHO

The Kjell Henriksen Observatory

UiO

The University of Oslo

FMI

Finnish Meteorological Institute

TGO

Tromsø Geophysical Observatory

Note that the camera icon will only be available during the auroral winter season from late autumn to early spring.

The Sun module shows the daily elevation plots for the Sun (orange) and the Moon (yellow). You may click on each data point to view the actual numbers. The set and rise times are calculated when the sun is -0.833 degrees below the horizon.

The background sky illuminance is calculated by the Perez formula.^[14] Zenith and clear skylight distribution coefficients are from Preetham et al. (1999).^[15] The local calculated global irradiance perpendicular to the sun’s rays at sea level is based on experimental work by Kasten and Young (1989) ^[16] and Meinel (1976).^[17] The effective shadow height of Earth is calculated for twilight conditions by Lloyd (1968).^[18] The altitudes are calculated for zenith observations.

The Yr.no hyperlink points to the weather forecast map service by YR which is served by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (NMI) and the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK).

Sounding rocket trajectories are projected onto the globe and in the Sky module. The rocket campaigns main target was and is to probe and understand processes in the magnetospheric cusp associated with dayside aurora. Enable the "Rocket" checkbox in the "Settings - Advanced" menu to use this option (Default is OFF). The trajectories are plotted in orange line color. All rockets are either launched from Andøya Space Centre in Norway (ASC) or from the Svalbard Rocket Range (SvalRak) at Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard, Norway.

Cusp Alfven and Plasma Electrodynamics Rocket

Cusp - Region EXperiment

Cusp Heating Investigation

Ionospheric Cusp Irregularities

Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite

Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling

Sounding of the Cusp Ion Fountain Energization Region

Svalbard Eiscat Rocket Study of Ion Outflows

JAXA's Sounding rocket for Ion Outflow

Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics

Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics

VISualizing Ion Outflow via Neutral atom Sensing

The FCST (ForeCaST) module summarizes the 3-day forecast from NOAA-SWPC. Three hours wide color-coded bars are plotted as a function of time. The lower minor storm limit at Kp = 5 is plotted as a red horizontal line. The highlighted bars are the current short-term forecasts, accompanied by a seven line text summary. You may click on each bar to view the effect in both the 3D viewport and in the Sky module.

Note that any aurora occurrence of the 3-day long term forecast depends highly on the solar wind IMF configuration, and might not kick in.

You can make your own station or modify the pre-defined station list that came with the app. Note that it is not possible to delete "Magnetic NP", "Magnetic SP" and "My Location". The latter is hooked up the Ground-track point (orange) event handler and the location service of your device.

STEP 1
Go to the "Settings" menu. Click on the "Name" link to enter edit mode of the station drop down list. Use only letters for the station name. Hit the keyboard "Enter" key to update the list and exit the edit mode.

STEP 2
Change latitude, longitude and altitude values. All numbers are float using the dot "." as decimal separator. Latitude must be entered as decimal degrees and is positive to the North and negative to the South. Correspondingly, longitude is positive to the East and negative to the West. The altitude is in units of meters (m). Again, use the "Enter" key to update the values for each input.

STEP 3
The station is added to the end of the list if you hit the upper right "Add (+)" button. It will be deleted from the list if you use the "Delete (-)" button. If you simply want to modify or update the station, then use the "Save" button.

Hint: Zoom IN the 3D viewport and position the Ground-track point where you want it to be. Double click on it to update "My Location" manually. You may also use the location service to update your current position. Then simply add it as a new station and change the name.

Note: You can force a save settings by the "Save" button in the "Settings" menu. These settings are also saved when the app focus is lost on termination.

NOAA-SWPC geomagnetic activity report is shown as a sliding text line- news ticker. System news is also displayed here. Click bottom left button to view any messages. These messages use abbreviations.

Minor

5

1700

Moderate

6

600

Strong

7

200

Severe

8

100

Extreme

9

4

The frequency is number of events per solar cycle (11 years).

Active sunspot Region

Apparent Solar Time

Corrected Geo-Magnetic coordinates

Coronal Hole

Co-rotating Interaction Region

Coronal Mass Ejection

Disappearing Solar Filament

ForeCaST

Heliospheric Current Sheet

High Speed Stream

Interplanetary Magnetic Field

Lagrangian point 1

Latitude

Longitude

Location

Local Hour Angle

North Pole

Sudden Impulse

Stream Interaction Region

South Pole

Solar Proton Event

Solar Sector Boundary Crossing

Universal Time

The position of the auroral ovals drifts in time with the location of the magnetic poles. Or more precisely, the center of the ovals depends on the position of the Corrected Geo-Magnetic (CGM) poles.^[19]

To study drift effects. Go to the "Settings - Advanced menu". Select time epoch of choice in the "CGM" drop down list.

First, locate a city or an airport above the Arctic Circle. Secondly, remember that it has to be dark. The Sun needs to be ~10 degrees below the horizon. Otherwise, the aurora will be drowned in solar light. In the northern hemisphere, this means late autumn to early spring with best viewing conditions during the late afternoon and into the night. At Svalbard we see it all day during mid-winter. Thirdly, I would recommend a location where there is stable cold in-land climate during the winter. For example, Fairbanks in Alaska or Alta in Norway are excellent locations. Another option is to take a boat trip and hunt for clear skies.

For most people on Earth, you will have time to eat dinner. Then check your local weather forecast for clear skies. Start the app and locate the auroral oval. If you have a clear view of the oval above your head, seen in the Aurora Compass, then you have up to 75% chance to see the aurora. Happy hunting!

The app is setup to Nowcast and Forecast in Universal Time (UT). The Apparent Solar Time (AST) is calculated using the Local Hour Angle (LHA) of the Sun. As a consequence, AST depends on your location and may be crudely measured with a sundial.

If you want to change date to study the ovals at any other specific time, then enter the "Settings" menu. Enable the "Date" checkbox and use the selection menu. Do the same for the "Time" menu to set the clock. You can now also change the Kp index by tapping the color wheel in the Kp-indicator.

Note that the app will still work if your device is not connected to the internet. But the Kp index, the news-ticker, the internet target information and the daily fresh satellite TLEs are then not updated. Default input values and locations can be restored. Close the app and delete the directory named AuroraForecast3D in your Documents folder. You can now restart with default settings.

It also works without location permission, if the user denies the app access.

The app communicates with our data server at The Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO). The server downloads twice a day the Kp - forecast and the 3-day space weather alerts from the NOAA-SWPC. The satellite orbital elements are updated daily from CSSi. The server also provides an updated list of all-sky camera hyperlinks. No personal data is transmitted back to the internet.

A warning sign appears when the forecasts are not valid or when there is no internet connection to the server.

The 15 second loop mode runs through all your stations and generates 3D globe, Skyview, Sun and Moon elevation, and FCTS plots continuously. This mode (...) is activated by double clicking on the Eye button in the 3D viewport. It is deactivated by a new double click (.). Or it can be activated on startup of the app by changing the second line of the file named AF3DINID.txt in ~/Documents/AuroraForecast3D/ folder to 1.

You may use shell scripts to transfer Snapshot images taken by the app in loop mode to your server of choice. The name of your script must be Transfer.bat for Windows. Correspondingly, name it Transfer.sh for MacOS or LINUX. Copy it to your ~/Documents/AuroraForecast3D/Snapshots/ folder.

MacOS and LINUX note: Make the Transfer.sh file executable by the chmod +x command. In OSX, select the file in the Finder, and then select Get Info from the File menu. In the Open with section, make sure the Terminal application is associated with the file.

Example shell scripts are available on request.

The app is developed for the auroral research community as a tool to locate the theoretical position of the aurora including stars and planetary positions from a local sky view perspective. The work started back in 2010 with the first version available through the web for only six stations or predefined locations. In 2012 it was together with the company Apex.no released under the name "Aurora Forecast" to work on Android, iPhone and Windows phones.

In order to overcome the spatial limitations and dependency on third parties, a new version has been developed using Embarcaderos cross platform Firemonkey compiler. As a result, with over 40k lines of source code in Pascal, the "Aurora Forecast 3D" app was released in August 2017. It is now available for Android, iOS, OSX, Windows and Linux operative systems.

A positive spin off is the app's popularity within the aurora tourist industry and the radio-amateur community.

[1] The Visible Earth catalog, visibleearth.nasa.gov, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, April-October, 2012.

[2] Starkov G. V., Mathematical model of the auroral boundaries, Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 34 (3), 331-336, 1994.

[3] Mikkel J. Breedveld, Predicting the Auroral Oval Boundaries by Means of Polar Operational Environmental Satellite Particle Precipitation Data, Master thesis, Department of Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, The Arctic University of Norway, June 2020.

[4] Zhang, Y., and L.J. Paxton, An empirical Kp-dependent global auroral model based on TIMED/GUVI data, J. Atm. Solar-Terr. Phys., 70, 1231–1242, 2008.

[5] Sigernes F., M. Dyrland, P. Brekke, S. Chernouss, D.A. Lorentzen, K. Oksavik, and C.S. Deehr, Two methods to forecast auroral displays, Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate (SWSC), Vol. 1, No. 1, A03, DOI:10.1051/swsc/2011003, 2011.

[6] P. Schlyter, How to compute planetary positions, stjarnhimlen.se, Stockholm, Sweden, 1979.

[7] T. Patterson, Natural Earth III - Texture Maps, www.shadedrelief.com, October 1, 2016.

[8] Nexus - Planet Textures, www.solarsystemscope.com, January 4, 2013.

[9] Bridgman, T. and Wright, E., The Tycho Catalog Sky map- Version 2.0, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio, svs.gsfc.nasa.gov, January 26, 2009.

[10] Vallado, David A., Paul Crawford, Richard Hujsak, and T.S. Kelso, Revisiting Spacetrack Report #3, AIAA/AAS-2006-6753, celestrak.com, 2006.

[11] Hoffleit, D. and Warren, Jr., W.H., The Bright Star Catalog, 5th Revised Edition (Preliminary Version), Astronomical Data Center, NSSDC/ADC, 1991.

[12] Christensen L.L., M. Andre, B. Rino, R.Y. Shida, J. Enciso, G.M. Carillo, C. Martins, and M.R. D'Antonio, The Constellations, The International Astronomical Union (IAU), iau.org, 2019.

[13] The Boreal Aurora Camera Constellation (BACC), kho.unis.no/doc/BACC.pdf, December 18, 2020.

[14] Perez R., J.M. Seals, and P. Ineichen, An all-weather model for sky luminance distribution, Solar Energy, 1993.

[15] Preetham A.J., P. Shirley and B. Smith, A practical analytic model for daylight, Computer Graphics, (SIGGRAPH '99 Proceedings), 91-100, 1999.

[16] Kasten F. and A.T. Young, Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula, Applied Optics, 28, 4735 - 4738, 1989.

[17] Meinel A.B. and M.P. Meinel, Applied Solar Energy, Addision Wesley Publishing Co., 1976.

[18] Lloyd, K. H., Calculation of the effective height of the Earth's shadow, Planet. Space. Sci., 16, 1071-1073, 1968.

[19] Tsyganenko, N. A., Secular drift of the auroral ovals: How fast do they actually move?, Geophysical Research Letters, 46, 3017-3023, 2019.

Acknowledgement
We wish to thank the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - Space Weather Prediction Centre (SWPC) for allowing us to download the estimated value of the Kp index and the 3-day space weather condition forecast to our data server at The Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO). Correspondingly, the positions of the satellites are calculated based on Two-Line Element (TLE) sets provided by the Center for Space Standards and Innovation (CSSi).

Also, thanks to be Beta testers Morten Rønne, Bjørn Christian Eriksen, Pål Gunnar Ellingsen, Knut Flå, Odd Jostein Sylte, Petter Sele and my wife Gerd Irene Sigernes. Especially, thanks to Android crash testers Sharon Tayt, Timothy Hall, Katharine Beutner, Johannes Tredoux and Eelco de Graaff.

Copyright
The application is made by F. Sigernes (email: freds@unis.no) (JW5JUA), Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway (2016). It is licensed as fredware.

Disclaimer
This software is provided as it is with undiscovered bugs and errors. F. Sigernes and associates are not responsible for any negative consequences that could occur by the use if this application.